Sítios arquitetônicos relevantes ao desenvolvimento da Enfermagem no Rio de Janeiro: História e patrimônio cultural (1852-1923) / Architectural sites relevant to the development of Nursing in Rio de Janeiro: History and cultural heritage (1852-1923)

Edifícios imponentes na paisagem da cidade são testemunhos e marcos institucionais da trajetória histórica da enfermagem na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A Santa Casa de Misericórdia (1852), o Hospício de Pedro II (1852), o Hospital São Francisco de Assis (1922) e a Cruz Vermelha Brasileira (1924) foram abrigos para os primórdios da enfermagem brasileira religiosa, leiga e profissional. Visitas de estudo são estratégias para o ensino da disciplina História da Enfermagem e aumento do capital cultural dos estudantes e demais interessados através da extensão universitária (AU)

Nightingale, el ‘espacio para el cuidado’ y su influencia en la arquitectura de hospitales / Nightingale, o ‘espaço do cuidado’ e sua influência na arquitetura hospitalar / Nightingale, the ‘space for care’ and its influence on hospital architecture

A lo largo de la historia la salud y laenfermedad han sido motivo depreocupación para los hombres. Estasituación provocó que se crearan espacios arquitectónicos que sirvieran parareconquistar la primera y dejar atrás lasegunda. Son muchos los ejemplos deedificios, los hospitales, que se hanconstruido, unos con carácter temporal yotros definitivos. Los primeros vienen de lamano del mundo grecorromano que sentaron as bases para los posteriores. Pero a medidaque lo místico daba paso a la ciencia lasnecesidades cambiaron. Poco a poco, sefueron adaptando los espacios para crear lascondiciones más idóneas que facilitaran lacuración y el cuidado de los enfermos. Unode los ejemplos más interesantes, y que esconsiderado punto de partida, es laintervención que realiza FlorenceNightingale primero en el Hospital de St.Thomas y posteriormente en el HospitalHerbert en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX.En ellos, ciencia, arquitectura y salud se danla mano para caminar juntas y lograr así suobjetivo: curar y cuidar a los enfermos.(AU)

Throughout history, health andillness have been of concern to men. Thissituation led to the creation of architecturalspaces that served to reconquer the first andleave the second behind. There are manyexamples of buildings, hospitals, that havebeen built, some temporarily and otherspermanent. The former come from the handof the Greco-Roman world that laid thefoundations for the later ones. But as themystical gave way to science the needschanged. Little by little, the spaces wereadapted to create the most suitableconditions that would facilitate the healingand care of the sick. One of the mostinteresting examples, and which isconsidered a starting point, is theintervention carried out by FlorenceNightingale first at St. Thomas Hospital andlater at Herbert Hospital in the second half ofthe 19th century. In them, science,architecture and health go hand in hand towalk together and thus achieve their goal: tocure and care for the sick.(AU)

Ao longo da história, a saúde e adoença preocupam os homens. Esta situaçãolevou à criação de espaços arquitetônicosque serviram para reconquistar o primeiro edeixar o segundo para trás. Existem muitosexemplos de edifícios, hospitais, que foramconstruídos, alguns temporários e outrospermanentes. Os primeiros vêm das mãos domundo greco-romano que lançou as basespara os posteriores. Mas, à medida que omístico deu lugar à ciência, as necessidadesmudaram. Aos poucos, os espaços foramsendo adaptados para criar as condiçõesmais adequadas que facilitassem a cura e ocuidado dos enfermos. Um dos exemplosmais interessantes, e que é considerado umponto de partida, é a intervenção realizadapor Florence Nightingale primeiro noHospital St. Thomas e depois no HospitalHerbert na segunda metade do século XIX.Neles, ciência, arquitetura e saúdecaminham juntas para caminharem e assimatingirem seu objetivo: curar e cuidar dosenfermos.(AU)

Beyond the asylum and before the 'care in the community' model: exploring an overlooked early NHS mental health facility.

This article discusses the Admission and Treatment Unit at Fair Mile Hospital, in Cholsey, near Wallingford, Berkshire (now Oxfordshire). This was the first new hospital to be completed in England following the launch of the National Health Service. The building was designed by Powell and Moya, one of the most important post-war English architectural practices, and was completed in 1956, but demolished in 2003. The article relates the commission of the building to landmark policy changes and argues for its historic significance in the context of the NHS and of the evolution of mental health care models and policies. It also argues for the need for further study of those early NHS facilities in view of current developments in mental health provision.

Florence Nightingale: The Making of a Hospital Reformer.

OBJECTIVES: The first of two articles is to show how Florence Nightingale became a leading, effective hospital reformer. AIM: The aim of the first paper is to relate how Nightingale was influenced by the great defects in the war hospitals of the Crimean War (1854-1856) and how she learned the lessons from those defects to set a different course. The article shows how her famous Notes on Nursing is a positive treatment of the lessons learned, turning the sanitary defects, notably in ventilation, into chapters of the book. The importance of the pavilion model of hospital design is highlighted. There is coverage of the advances made by Semmelweis at the Vienna General Hospital. METHODS: This is a purely historical study drawing on the extensive publications by Nightingale, augmented by her (massive) surviving correspondence and notes. The search for archival materials was done for the publication of the 16-volume Collected Works of Florence Nightingale, written by the author of this article. The collected works was peer reviewed, and the research process succeeded in locating material in more than 200 archives worldwide.

'As syllable from sound': the sonic dimensions of confinement at the State Hospital for the Insane at Worcester, Massachusetts.

As the first state hospital in the USA, the Worcester State Hospital for the Insane at Worcester, Massachusetts (est. 1833), set a precedent for asylum design and administration that would be replicated across the country. Because the senses were believed to provide a direct conduit into a person's mental state, the intended therapeutic force of the Worcester State Hospital resided in its particular command over sensory experience. In this paper, I examine how aurality was used as an instrument in the moral architecture of the asylum; how the sonic design of the asylum collided with the day-to-day logistics of institutional management; and the way that patients experienced and engaged with the resultant patterns of sound and silence.

Designing Penfield: Inside the Montreal Neurological Institute.

Neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield (1891-1976) envisioned hospital architecture as a powerful medical tool. Focusing on two key interiors in the 1934 Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI)-the operating room and the foyer-this article engages newly accessible textual and material evidence to show Penfield's intense involvement in the design of the building. A unique, tri-level surgical room, with a sophisticated setup for photography, made the MNI's surgery interactive. The OR is discussed with regard to the relationship of doctors and architects and Penfield's penchant for architectural travel. Subsequently, we visit the foyer as a spatial counterpoint to the operating room. Its design enabled a particular, Penfield-inspired view of the brain and recounted neurological history in the language of Art Deco design. An emphasis on axial movement pushed visitors to "consume" a work of sculpture, meticulously copied from another in Paris. The architecture of the MNI thus monumentalized Penfield's accomplishments, by his own design.

Building a mental hospital in apartheid South Africa.

In April 1962, a new mental hospital was inaugurated in Belville, a town near Cape Town, South Africa. Stikland Mental Hospital was planned as mental health care was changing with the introduction of psychotropic drugs and renewed debates about deinstitutionalization-and as the South African legislature formalized the system known as "apartheid." This article focuses on this hospital, which embodied many global ideas about treatment and management of the mentally ill but which also incorporated the local politics of strict racial segregation. It had been planned in response to overcrowded mental hospitals in the 1950s, but by the time it opened, new forms of treatment had produced a surplus of beds for White patients. Architecturally, the hospital was conceived with the general principles of the villa plan in mind, although utilitarian aspects, such as patient and staff numbers, gardens, and budgets, dominated the design of the buildings. The public relations exercises undertaken highlight the negotiations involved in building a mental hospital in 1960s South Africa, but the example of Stikland also showcases new plans for research and training in mental health professions in the 1960s and 1970s. Disciplines such as clinical psychology benefited from the professional training opportunities provided. Overall, Stikland Mental Hospital therefore provides an important perspective on deinstitutionalization outside its familiar settings and historical accounts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

[Luiz Nunes and the plan for health institutions in Pernambuco]. / Luiz Nunes e o projeto de instituições de saúde em Pernambuco.

During Pernambuco governor Carlos Lima Cavalcanti's term (1930-1937), the architect Luiz Nunes and his team were able to produce a series of plans for notable public buildings in the short period of time spanning 1934 to 1937. This article analyzes plans for the School for Abnormal Children and the Military Brigade Hospital, which exemplify the close relationship between medical knowledge, modern architecture, and state government policy and have not yet been examined in detail in academic studies. The main sources were the archives of the Diário da Manhã and Diário de Pernambuco newspapers, as well as the group of architectural plans in the Jordão Emerenciano Public Archive.

Em Pernambuco, durante a gestão do governador Carlos Lima Cavalcanti (1930-1937), o arquiteto Luiz Nunes e sua equipe conseguiram realizar, em curto espaço de tempo, de 1934 a 1937, uma série de projetos de edifícios públicos notáveis. Neste artigo, são analisados os projetos da Escola para Anormais e do Hospital da Brigada Militar, que exemplificam a estreita relação entre o saber médico, a arquitetura moderna e a política do governo estadual, além de serem objetos pouco explorados em estudos acadêmicos. As fontes principais da pesquisa foram os arquivos dos jornais Diário da Manhã, Diário de Pernambuco e o conjunto de projetos de arquitetura levantado no Arquivo Público Jordão Emerenciano.

Luiz Nunes e o projeto de instituições de saúde em Pernambuco / Luiz Nunes and the plan for health institutions in Pernambuco

Resumo Em Pernambuco, durante a gestão do governador Carlos Lima Cavalcanti (1930-1937), o arquiteto Luiz Nunes e sua equipe conseguiram realizar, em curto espaço de tempo, de 1934 a 1937, uma série de projetos de edifícios públicos notáveis. Neste artigo, são analisados os projetos da Escola para Anormais e do Hospital da Brigada Militar, que exemplificam a estreita relação entre o saber médico, a arquitetura moderna e a política do governo estadual, além de serem objetos pouco explorados em estudos acadêmicos. As fontes principais da pesquisa foram os arquivos dos jornais Diário da Manhã, Diário de Pernambuco e o conjunto de projetos de arquitetura levantado no Arquivo Público Jordão Emerenciano.

Abstract During Pernambuco governor Carlos Lima Cavalcanti's term (1930-1937), the architect Luiz Nunes and his team were able to produce a series of plans for notable public buildings in the short period of time spanning 1934 to 1937. This article analyzes plans for the School for Abnormal Children and the Military Brigade Hospital, which exemplify the close relationship between medical knowledge, modern architecture, and state government policy and have not yet been examined in detail in academic studies. The main sources were the archives of the Diário da Manhã and Diário de Pernambuco newspapers, as well as the group of architectural plans in the Jordão Emerenciano Public Archive.

A Historical Study of Chinese Nursing Unit Design Evolution Since 1989.

OBJECTIVES: To provide a historical review on the evolution of contemporary Chinese nursing unit design and contextual factors that drive the design and changes. BACKGROUND: China is undergoing a major healthcare construction boom. A systematic investigation of the characteristics and development of Chinese nursing unit design is warranted to help U.S. healthcare designers to provide design that fits the local context. METHODS: The investigation is developed in two phases. The first phase is a large-scale spatial analysis of 176 Chinese acute care unit layouts from three periods: 1989-1999, 1999-2004, and 2005-2015. In addition to qualitative descriptions of the nursing unit typologies, the percentage of various typologies, patient room (PR) types, the number of beds, visibility from nurse station (NS) to PRs, and access to natural light during each period were evaluated quantitatively. The second phase defined key factors that shape Chinese nursing unit design through expert interviews. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between design in these three periods. Chinese nursing unit size has continuously grown in the number of beds. Most PRs have shifted from three-bed to double-bed rooms. Most Chinese hospitals use single corridor, racetrack, and mutated racetrack layouts. Mutated racetrack has taken over single corridor as the dominant configuration. The access to southern sunlight remains important. The average visibility from NS to some PRs is restricted by the preferences of allocating most PRs on the south side of a unit. CONCLUSIONS: Chinese nursing unit design has undergone transformations to fit the local cultural, socioeconomic context and staffing model.

[The Infectious Disease Subsidiary Hospital of Rijeka] / Bolnica­podruznica za zarazne bolesti u Rijeci

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a hospital for infectious diseases in the Zenikovic area was operating in Rijeka as a hospital - subsidiary of the City Hospital of St. Spirit. After purchasing the property of the naval captain Dionysius Jakovcic, the existing buildings were adapted, and several other buildings, necessary for the organization of an infectious hospital, were constructed in the early eighties of the 19th century. The terrain and buildings were divided into clean and unclean areas. The main building was adapted to the main facilities for treatment and accommodation, while the smaller building was used for economic purposes. Due to the increase of the capacity at the turn of the century, further adaptations were made, larger wooden barracks and other temporary facilities were also constructed. The terrain of the hospital was linked to two ambitious projects of the hospitals in Rijeka, which were created at the beginning of the 20th century but were not realized.The hospital operated until the twenties of the 20th century when this department together with the City Hospital was moved to the former Naval Academy complex, while the hospital area was given a new purpose in the interwar and postwar periods.

Hospitais e saúde no oitocentos: diálogos entre Brasil e Portugal / Hospitals and health in the eighties: dialogues between Brazil and Portugal

A proposta deste volume ancora-se no estudo do neoclassicismo, mais especificamente na sua aplicação aos hospitais construídos no século XIX, tanto no Brasil quanto em Portugal, na sua maioria adaptada ao modelo de arquitetura assistencial existente à época. Associados às funções das entidades beneméritas, como as Misericórdias e as Beneficências Portuguesas, poucos eram os hospitais construídos de raiz ou projetados para tal fim. Assim, o livro sintetiza estudos sobre arquitetura, urbanismo e patrimônio cultura e saúde

Hospitais e saúde no oitocentos: diálogos entre Brasil e Portugal / Hospitals and health in the eighties: dialogues between Brazil and Portugal

A proposta deste volume ancora-se no estudo do neoclassicismo, mais especificamente na sua aplicação aos hospitais construídos no século XIX, tanto no Brasil quanto em Portugal, na sua maioria adaptada ao modelo de arquitetura assistencial existente à época. Associados às funções das entidades beneméritas, como as Misericórdias e as Beneficências Portuguesas, poucos eram os hospitais construídos de raiz ou projetados para tal fim. Assim, o livro sintetiza estudos sobre arquitetura, urbanismo e patrimônio cultura e saúde.(AU)

Liberty and the individual: the colony asylum in Scotland and England.

This paper analyses the buildings, spaces and interiors of Bangour Village public asylum for the insane, near Edinburgh, and compares these with an English asylum, Whalley, near Preston, of similar early-twentieth-century date. The village asylum, which developed from a European tradition of rendering the poor productive through 'colonisation', was more enthusiastically and completely adopted in Scotland than in England, perhaps due to differences in asylum culture within the two jurisdictions. 'Liberty' and 'individuality', in particular, were highly valued within Scottish asylum discourses, arguably shaping material provision for the insane poor from the scale of the buildings to the quality of the furnishings. The English example shows, by contrast, a greater concern with security and hygiene. These two differing interpretations show a degree of flexibility within the internationalized asylum model which is seldom recognized in the literature.

[Major's and Schirmer's Gaustad]. / Major og Schirmers Gaustad.

The psychiatrist Herman Wedel Major planned Gaustad asylum in collaboration with his brother-in-law, the architect Heinrich Ernst Schirmer. The planning of Gaustad took place in parallel with the preparation of the first Norwegian Mental Health Act, adopted by the Storting on 30 July 1848, and Gaustad's architecture provides a good illustration of the ideals behind the mental health reform of the 19th century. In particular, Major's and Schirmer's Gaustad represents a break with Frederik Holst's ideal of the panoptic institution. Whereas Holst and his architect Christian Heinrich Grosch promoted a radial plan institution based on the type used for penitentiaries, Schirmer and Major designed a modern, pavilion-style hospital with wards placed independently in the landscape.

[Building Process and Architectural Planning Characteristics of Daehan Hospital Main Building].

This paper explores the introduction process of Daehan Hospital from Japan as the modern medical facility in Korea, and the architectural planning characteristics as a medical facility through the detailed building process of Daehan Hospital main building. The most noticeable characteristic of Daehan Hospital is that it was designed and constructed not by Korean engineers but by Japanese engineers. Therefore, Daehan Hospital was influenced by Japanese early modern medical facility, and Japanese engineers modeled Daehan Hospital main building on Tokyo Medical School main building which was constructed in 1876 as the first national medical school and hospital. The architectural type of Tokyo Medical School main building was a typical school architecture in early Japanese modern period which had a middle corridor and a pseudo Western-style tower, but Tokyo Medical School main building became the model of a medical facility as the symbol of the medical department in Tokyo Imperial University. This was the introduction and transplantation process of Japanese modern 'model' like as other modern systems and technologies during the Korean modern transition period. However, unlike Tokyo Medical School main building, Daehan Hospital main building was constructed not as a wooden building but as a masonry building. Comparing with the function of Daehan Hospital main building, its architectural form and construction costs was excessive scale, which was because Japanese Resident-General of Korea had the intention of ostentation that Japanese modernity was superior to Korean Empire.

Usos sociales al aire libre del hospital pabellonal Muñiz / Social uses outdoor Muñiz hospital pabellonal

La intervención higienista como un modo de producción de lo urbano creó sus objetos y simbologías para materializar, reproducir y legitimar los instrumentos políticos de transformación de Buenos Aires. Entre éstos surgió el modelo hospitalario pabellonal que, como el caso del Hospital de Infecciosas Doctor Francisco Javier Muñiz, incorporó el valor de los elementos verdes mediante la conformación de jardines en su interior, aprovechando los beneficios de su naturaleza y dando nuevos usos al aire libre. Lo anterior incidió en la planificiacaión y en la gestión paisajística, su legado se percibe y hace presente en el paisaje de la ciudad cuando la comunidad participa y se expresa sobre el ámbito hospitalario. (AU)

Arquitectura y microbiología en los tiempos de Oswaldo Cruz / Architecture and microbiology at the time of Oswaldo Cruz

A principios del siglo XIX, los edificios hospitalarios empezaron a adaptarse a la llamada "arqueitectura de pabellón", un programa que tuvo origen en Francia tras una intensa discusión suscitada por la reconstrucción del Hôtel Dieu, antiquísimo hospital destruido por un incendio en 1772. Este testo presenta un breve panorama de los hospitales de pabellón en la capital brasileña, la revolución pasteuriana en la salud pública y en los hospitales de Río de Janeiro, otras transformaciones en el tiempo de Oswaldo Cruz, la arquitectura en la edificación del conjunto de Manguinhos, y los nuevos paradigmas en la arquitectura hospitalaria. (AU)